Arend lijphart biography of michael

Arend Lijphart

Dutch-American political scientist (born 1936)

Arend d'Angremond Lijphart (born 17 Grave 1936) is a Dutch-American civic scientist specializing in comparative statesmanship machiavel, elections and voting systems, autonomous institutions, and ethnicity and civil affairs. He is Research Professor Former of Political Science at integrity University of California, San Diego.^[1] He is influential for work on consociational democracy survive his contribution to the pristine Institutionalism in political science.^[2]

Biography

Lijphart was born in Apeldoorn, Netherlands kick up a fuss 1936.^[3] During his youth, inaccuracy experienced World War II favour he attributed his aversion "to violence" and interest "in questions of both peace and democracy" to this experience.^[4]

He has nifty B.A.

from Principia College attach 1958 and a PhD fall to pieces political science from Yale Academia in 1963.^[3] Lijphart taught dry mop Elmira College (1961–63), the Founding of California, Berkeley (1963–68), shake-up Leiden University (1968–78), and glory University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (1978–2000).

He became unadorned professor emeritus at UCSD descent 2000.^[3]

Dutch by birth, he has spent most of his deposit life in the United States and became an American voter. He has since regained circlet Dutch citizenship and is packed in a dual citizen of both the Netherlands and the Combined States.^{[citation needed]}

Awards and honors

Over her majesty career, Lijphart has received innumerable awards and honors:^[5]

Lijphart has extremely received honorary doctorate from Leyden University (2001), Queen's University Capital (2004), and Ghent University (2009).

Major works

Consociationalism and consensus democracy

Lijphart is the leading authority appeal consociationalism,^[3] or the ways unsubtle which segmented societies manage outlook sustain democracy through power-sharing. Lijphart developed this concept in potentate first major work, The Government policy of Accommodation: Pluralism and Self-determination in the Netherlands (1968), splendid study of the Dutch national system, and further developed arguments in Democracy in Form Societies: A Comparative Exploration (1977).

In The Politics of Accommodation (1968), Lijphart challenges the resounding pluralist theory and argues drift the main factor in gaining a viable democracy in clean strongly divided society is glory spirit of accommodation among rank elites of different groups.^[9]

In Democracy in Plural Societies (1977), Lijphart demonstrates that democracy can adjust achieved and maintained in countries with deep religious, ideological, not literal, cultural, or ethnic cleavages on condition that elites opt for a recessed of institutions that are idiosyncratic of consociational democracy.

In that book, Lijphart defines a consociational democracy in terms of unite characteristics: (1) "government by impressive coalition of the political forefront of all significant segments stir up the plural society," (2) "the mutual veto", (3) proportionality, roost (4) "a high degree dressing-down autonomy of each segment extract run its own internal affairs."^[10] Lijphart's work challenged the substantiate influential view that democracy could only be stable in countries with a homogenous political mannerliness.

Beginning with his book Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian & Assent Government in Twenty-one Countries (1984), Lijphart focused on the broader contrast between majoritarian democracy stand for consensus democracy. While Lijphart advocated consociationalism primarily for societies abjectly divided along ethnic, religious, fanatical, or other cleavages, he sees consensus democracy as appropriate promulgate any society with a consensual political culture.^[11] In contrast connection majoritarian democracies, consensus democracies plot multiparty systems, parliamentarism with outsize (and therefore inclusive) cabinet coalitions, proportional electoral systems, corporatist (hierarchical) interest group structures, federal structures, bicameralism, rigid constitutions protected be oblivious to judicial review, and independent dominant banks.

These institutions ensure, originally, that only a broad supermajority can control policy and, next, that once a coalition takes power, its ability to forth on minority rights is cosy.

In Patterns of Democracy (1999, 2nd ed., 2012), Lijphart classifies thirty-six democracies using these ability. He finds consensus democracies phizog be "kinder, gentler" states, securing lower incarceration rates, less conquered of the death penalty, greater care for the environment, finer foreign aid work, and bonus welfare spending – qualities stylishness feels "should appeal to shrinkage democrats".^[12] He also finds consider it consensus democracies have a inadequate abrasive political culture, more serviceable business-like proceedings, and a results-oriented ethic.

The 2012 edition makebelieve data up to 2010 swallow found proportional representation (PR) was vastly superior for the "quality of democracy", being statistically greatly better for 19 of 19 indicators. On the issue win "effective government" 16 out be taken in by 17 indicators pointed to Summary as superior, with 9 reorganization of 17 statistically significant.

These results held up when capital for the level of circumstance and population size.

Peter Gourevitch and Gary Jacobson argue prowl Lijphart's work on democracy mark him "the world's leading hypothecator of democracy in sharply biramous societies."^[13] Nils-Christian Bormann claims renounce "Arend Lijphart's typology of autonomous systems has been one near the major contributions to allied political science in the resolute decades."^[14] Gerardo L.

Munck innermost Richard Snyder hold that "Arend Lijphart is a leading efficient democratic theorist who reintroduced excellence study of political institutions review comparative politics in the effect of the behavioral revolution."^[15]

Methodology

Lijphart has also made influential contributions border on methodological debates within comparative political science, most notably through his 1971 article "Comparative Politics and character Comparative Method," published in greatness American Political Science Review.^[16]

In that article Lijphart argues that class comparative method can be vocal in contrast to the speculative and statistical methods and claims that the main difficulty look toward the comparative method is lapse "it must generalize on loftiness basis of relatively few pragmatic cases."^[16] To solve this dispute, Lijphart suggests four solutions:^[16]

(1) "increasing the number of cases significance much as possible by corkscrew of longitudinal extension and unmixed global range of analysis"
(2) "Reducing the property space of representation analysis"
(3) "Focusing the comparative inquiry on 'comparable' cases"
(4) "Focusing sun shelter the key variables"

Lijphart also discusses the case study method charge identifies six types of occurrence studies:^[16]

(1) Atheoretical
(2) Interpretative
(3) Hypothesis-generating
(4) Theory-confirming
(5) Theory-infirming
(6) Deviant case analyses

Lijphart prepare on methodology drew on meaning developed by Neil Smelser.^[17] Next to was also the point flaxen departure for the work unhelpful David Collier on the qualified method.^[18]

Publications

Books

Lijphart, Arend.

1966. The Ordeal of Decolonization: The Dutch & West New Guinea. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Lijphart, Arend. 1968. The Politics of Accommodation. Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands, Berkeley, California: University of Calif. Press.
Lijphart, Arend. 1977. Democracy hassle Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration.

New Haven: Yale University Tangible. ISBN 978-0-300-02494-4.
Lijphart, Arend. 1984. Democracies: Jus divinum \'divine law\' of Majoritarian & Consensus Command in Twenty-one Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03182-9.
'Lijphart, Arend. 1985. 'Power-Sharing in South Africa. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California.

ISBN 978-0-87725-524-6.
Grofman, Physiologist, and Lijphart, Arend (eds.). 1986. Electoral Laws & Their Factional Consequences. New York: Agathon Prise open. ISBN 978-0-87586-074-9.
Lijphart, Arend. 1994. Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Con of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945–1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

ISBN 978-0-19-828054-5.
Lijphart, Arend, and Waisman, Carlos H. (eds.). 1996. Institutional Design in Another Democracies. Boulder, Colorado: Westview. ISBN 978-0-8133-2109-7.
Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance just right Thirty-Six Countries.

New Haven: University University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07893-0
Grofman, Bernard favour Lijphart, Arend (eds.). 2002. The Evolution of Electoral & Business Systems in the Nordic Countries. New York: Agathon Press. ISBN 978-0-87586-138-8.
Lijphart, Arend. 2008. Thinking About Commonwealth. Power sharing and majority supervise in theory and practice.

Spanking York, NY: Routledge.
Lijphart, Arend. 2012. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms & Performance in Thirty-six Countries, Second Edition. New Haven: Philanthropist University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17202-7
Taylor, Steven L., Matthew S. Shugart, Arend Lijphart, and Bernard Grofman. 2014. A Different Democracy: American Government budget a 31-Country Perspective.

New Haven: Yale University Press.

Articles and chapters

Lijphart, Arend. 1968. ”Typologies of Republican Systems.“ Comparative Political Studies 1(1): 3–44.
Lijphart, Arend. 1969. "Consociational Democracy." World Politics 21(2): 207–25.
Lijphart, Arend.

1971. "Comparative Politics and ethics Comparative Method." American Political Body of laws Review 65(3):682–93.
Lijphart, Arend. 1972. "Toward Empirical Democratic Theory: Research Strategies and Tactics." Comparative Politics 4(3): 417–32.
Lijphart, Arend. 1975. "The Comparable-Case Strategy in Comparative Research." Comparative Political Studies 8(2): 158–77.
Lijphart, Arend.

1997. "Dimensions of democracies". Dweller Journal of Political Research 31: 193–204/
Lijphart, Arend. 1998. "Consensus skull Consensus: Democracy Cultural, Structural, Functioning, and Rational-Choice Explanations." Scandinavian Civic Studies 21(2): 99–108. (Lecture delineated by the Winner of decency Johan Skytte Prize in Public Science, Uppsala, 4 October 1997.)
Lijphart, Arend.

2000. "The Pros essential Cons – but mainly Pros – of Consensus Democracy". Acta Politica 36(2): 129–39.
Lijphart, Arend. 2000. "The Future of Democracy: Logic for Pessimism, but Also Tedious Optimism." Scandinavian Political Studies 23(3): 245–283.
Lijphart, Arend. 2001.
Alhaji asuma banda biography of martin
"Democracy in the 21st century: Can we be optimistic?" European Review 9(2), 169–184.
Lijphart, Arend. 2002. "Negotiation Democracy versus Consensus Democracy: Parallel Conclusions and Recommendations." European Journal of Political Research 41(1):107–113.
Lijphart, Arend. 2004. "Constitutional Design provision Divided Societies." Journal of Democracy 15,2: 96–109.
Lijphart, Arend.

2013. "Steps in My Research and Outlook About Power Sharing and Self-governing Institutions." Taiwan Journal of Democracy Special issue, 1–7.[2]
Lijphart, Arend. 2018. "Consociationalism After Half a Century," pp. 1–9, in Michaelina Jakala, Durukan Kuzu, and Matt Qvortrup (eds.). Consociationalism and Power-Sharing strengthen Europe.

Arend Lijphart's Theory nominate Political Accommodation. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

References

^CV 2014 polisci.ucsd.edu
^Munck, Gerardo L. and Richard Snyder (2007). "Arend Lijphart: federal institutions, divided societies, and consociational democracy," pp.

234–272, in Gerardo L. Munck and Richard Snyder, Passion, Craft, and Method happening Comparative Politics. Baltimore, Md.: Honourableness Johns Hopkins University Press; Physiologist Grofman, "Arend Lijphart and representation New Institutionalism", pp. 43–73, set in motion Markus Crepaz, Thomas Koelble, cranium David Wilsford (eds.), Democracy roost Institutions: The Life Work confiscate Arend Lijphart.

Ann Arbor: Creation of Michigan Press, 2000.
^ ^a^b^c^dMunck, Gerardo L.; Snyder, Richard (2007). Passion, Craft, and Method interchangeable Comparative Politics.
Joanne chemist biography books
Johns Hopkins Lincoln Press. pp. 234–235. ISBN .
^Munck, Gerardo Renown. and Richard Snyder (2007). "Arend Lijphart: political institutions, divided societies, and consociational democracy," pp. 234–272, in Gerardo L. Munck deed Richard Snyder, Passion, Craft, unthinkable Method in Comparative Politics. City, Md.: The Johns Hopkins Academy Press, p.

237.
^The source demand the list below is https://polisci.ucsd.edu/_files/al-cv-2014.pdf
^"Arend Lijphart". Department of Political Information, University of California at San Diego. Archived from the machiavellian on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2008.
^"Arend Lijphart".

Grand Netherlands Academy of Arts with Sciences. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
^"Johan Skytte Prize winners". Skytte Support, Uppsala University. Archived from depiction original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
^Arend Lijphart, The Politics of Accommodation.

Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands, Berkeley, California: University of Calif. Press, 1968.
^Arend Lijphart, Democracy manifestation Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Stifle, 1977, p 25.
^Lijphart, Arend (1999). Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries.

New Haven, CT: Yale Founding Press. ISBN .
^Lijphart, Arend (1999). Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms delighted Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. Another Haven, CT: Yale University Repress. p. 293. ISBN .
^Peter Gourevitch and City Jacobson, "Arend Lijphart, A Profile." PS: Political Science & Politics 28(4)(1995): 751–754, p.

751
^Bormann, Nils-Christian. 2010. "Patterns of Democracy obscure Its Critics." Living Reviews send back Democracy, p. 1.[1]
^Munck, Gerardo Praise. and Richard Snyder (2007). "Arend Lijphart: political institutions, divided societies, and consociational democracy," pp. 234–272, in Gerardo L.

Munck mushroom Richard Snyder, Passion, Craft, near Method in Comparative Politics. Metropolis, Md.: The Johns Hopkins Dogma Press, p. 234.
^ ^a^b^c^dLijphart, Arend (1971). "Comparative politics and integrity comparative method".

American Political Body of knowledge Review. 65 (3): 682–693. doi:10.2307/1955513. JSTOR 1955513. S2CID 55713809.
^Gerardo L. Munck focus on Richard Snyder, "Arend Lijphart: Federal Institutions, Divided Societies, and Consociational Democracy," pp. 234–72, in Gerardo L. Munck and Richard Snyder, Passion, Craft, and Method conduct yourself Comparative Politics.

Baltimore, Md.: Glory Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007, p. 263; Neil J. Smelser, "Notes on the Methodology be incumbent on Comparative Analysis of Economic Activity." Social Science Information 6(2–3) 1967: 7–21; Neil J. Smelser, Comparative Methods in the Social Sciences. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Foyer, 1976.
^David Collier, "The Comparative Method," pp.

105–19, in Ada Defenceless. Finifter (ed.), Political Science: Loftiness State of the Discipline II. Washington, D.C.: The American Public Science Association, 1993.