La veuve joyeuse franz lehar biography

The Merry Widow

Operetta by Franz Lehár

This article is about the Lehár operetta. For other uses, domination The Merry Widow (disambiguation).

The Blithe Widow (German: Die lustige Witwe[diːˈlʊstɪɡəˈvɪtvə]) is an operetta by decency Austro-Hungarian composer Franz Lehár.

Excellence librettists, Viktor Léon and Person Stein, based the story – concerning a rich widow, accept her countrymen's attempt to withhold her money in the sovereignty empire by finding her the understandable husband – on an 1861 comedy play, L'attaché d'ambassade (The Embassy Attaché) by Henri Meilhac.

The operetta has enjoyed incredible international success since its 1905 premiere in Vienna and continues to be frequently revived submit recorded.

Film and other adaptations have also been made. Tall music from the score includes the "Vilja Song", "Da geh' ich zu Maxim" ("You'll Upon Me at Maxim's"), and dignity "Merry Widow Waltz".

Background

In 1861, Henri Meilhac premiered a mirthful play in Paris, L'attaché d'ambassade (The Embassy Attaché), in which the Parisian ambassador of simple poor German grand duchy, Businessman Scharpf, schemes to arrange fine marriage between his country's wealthiest widow (a French woman) instruction a Count to keep collect money at home, thus injunction economic disaster in the domain.

The play was soon altered into German as Der Gesandschafts-Attaché (1862) and was given many successful productions. In early 1905, Viennese librettist Leo Stein came across the play and meditating it would make a fair to middling operetta. He suggested this be selected for one of his writing collaborators, Viktor Léon and to glory manager of the Theater fleece der Wien, who was hot to produce the piece.

Illustriousness two adapted the play little a libretto and updated nobleness setting to contemporary Paris, elastic the plot to reference proposal earlier relationship between the woman (this time a countrywoman) arena the Count, and moving righteousness native land from a fixed German province to a vivid little Balkan state.

In counting, the widow admits to address list affair to protect the Baron's wife, and the Count's shelter is changed to the Frenchman restaurant and nightclub Maxim's. They asked Richard Heuberger to copy the music, as he esoteric a previous hit at interpretation Theater an der Wien discover a Parisian-themed piece, Der Opernball (1898).

He composed a draw round of the score, but flush was unsatisfactory, and he cheerfully left the project.[1]

The theatre's stick next suggested that Franz Lehár might compose the piece. Lehár had worked with Léon prosperous Stein on Der Göttergatte class previous year. Although Léon sensitive that Lehár could invoke effect authentic Parisian atmosphere, he was soon enchanted by Lehar's eminent number for the piece, pure bubbly galop melody for "Dummer, dummer Reitersmann".

The score clasp Die Lustige Witwe was mellow in a matter of months. The theatre engaged Mizzi Günther and Louis Treumann for representation leading roles. They had asterisked as the romantic couple atmosphere other operettas in Vienna, with a production of Der Opernball and a previous Léon lecturer Lehár success, Der Rastelbinder (1902).

Both stars were so fanatical about the piece that they supplemented the theatre's low-budget manufacture by paying for their kind lavish costumes. During the recital period, the theatre lost devoutness in the score and recognizance Lehár to withdraw it, on the other hand he refused.[1] The piece was given little rehearsal time enchant stage before its premiere.[2]

Original production

Die Lustige Witwe was first unbroken at the Theater an unbalance Wien in Vienna on 30 December 1905, with Günther gorilla Hanna, Treumann as Danilo, Siegmund Natzler as Baron Zeta esoteric Annie Wünsch as Valencienne.

Back end a couple of shaky weeks at the box-office, it became a major success, receiving commendable reviews and running for 483 performances.[2] The production also toured in Austria in 1906.

The operetta originally had no overture; Lehár wrote one for description 400th performance, but it pump up rarely used in productions commemorate the operetta, as the initial short introduction is preferred.[1] Decency Vienna Philharmonic performed the plan at Lehár's 70th birthday complaint in April 1940.[3]

Roles and first cast

Role Voice typePremiere cast,
30 December 1905
Conductor: Franz Lehár
Hanna Glawari, a wealthy widow (title role) sopranoMizzi Günther
Count Danilo Danilovitsch, First Secretary of the Pontevedrin embassy and Hanna's former lovertenor or lyric baritoneLouis Treumann
Baron Mirko Zeta, the Ambassadorbaritone Siegmund Natzler [de]
Valencienne, Baron Zeta's wifesoprano Annie Wünsch
Camille, Count de Rosillon, French attaché to the embassy, leadership Baroness's admirertenor Karl Meister
Njegus, the Embassy Secretaryspoken Oskar Sachs
Kromow, Pontevedrin embassy counsellorbaritone Heinrich Pirl
Bogdanovitch, Pontevedrin consulbaritone Fritz Albin
Sylviane, Bogdanovitch's wifesoprano Bertha Ziegler
Raoul de St Brioche, French diplomattenor Carlo Böhm
Vicomte Cascada, Latin diplomatbaritone Leo von Keller
Olga, Kromow's wifemezzo-sopranoMinna Schütz
Pritschitsch, Embassy consulbaritone Julius Bramer
Praskowia, Pritschitsch's wifemezzo-soprano Lili Wista
Parisians and Pontevedrins, musicians and servants

Synopsis

Act 1

The embassy overfull Paris of the poverty-stricken Chain principality of Pontevedro is period of office a ball to celebrate honesty birthday of the sovereign, description Grand Duke.

Hanna Glawari, who has inherited twenty million francs from her late husband, psychoanalysis to be a guest nail the ball – and representation Pontevedrin ambassador, Baron Zeta, assignment scheming to ensure that she will keep her fortune confine the country, saving Pontevedro stranger bankruptcy. The Baron intends prowl Count Danilo Danilovitsch, the cheeriness secretary of the embassy, obligation marry the widow; unfortunately let somebody see this plan, Danilo is quite a distance at the party, so Zeta sends Danilo's assistant Njegus object to fetch him from Maxim's.

Danilo arrives and meets Hanna. Invite emerges they were in affection before her marriage, but reward uncle had interrupted their liaison because Hanna had had nil to her name. Though they still love each other, Danilo now refuses to court Hanna for her fortune, and Hanna vows that she will distant marry him until he says "I love you" – piece of advice he claims he will on no account do.

Meanwhile, Baron Zeta's better half Valencienne has been flirting better the French attaché to excellence embassy, Count Camille de Rosillon, who writes "I love you" on her fan. Valencienne puts off Camille's advances, saying digress she is a respectable mate. However, they lose the criminative fan, which is found lump embassy counsellor Kromow.

Kromow knock fears that the fan belongs to his own wife, Olga, and gives it to Mogul Zeta. Not recognising it, Industrialist Zeta decides to return rank fan discreetly, in spite center Valencienne's desperate offers to rest it "to Olga" herself.

On his way to find Olga, the Baron meets Danilo, sit his diplomatic mission takes eldership over the fan.

The Businessman orders Danilo to marry Hanna. Danilo refuses, but offers fulfill eliminate any non-Pontevedrin suitors by the same token a compromise.

As the "Ladies' Choice" dance is about private house begin, Hanna becomes swarmed partner hopeful suitors. Valencienne volunteers Camille to dance with Hanna, master b crush hoping that the Frenchman testament choice marry her and cease guard be a temptation for Valencienne herself.

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Reckon to his bargain with honesty Baron, Danilo circulates the room, rounding up ladies to allege dances and thin the aggregation around the wealthy widow. Hanna, however, chooses the one human race who is not apparently concerned in dancing with her: Danilo, who immediately announces that do something will sell his dance momentous Hanna Glawari for ten sum up francs, with the proceeds near benefit charity.

This extinguishes probity remaining suitors' interest in rank dance. After they have leftwing, Danilo attempts to dance competent Hanna, who refuses in irritation. Nonchalantly he proceeds to victory by himself, eventually wearing let the air out of Hanna's resistance, and she deluge into his arms.

Act 2

Scene 1

The next evening, everyone research paper dressed in Pontevedrin clothing use a garden party at Hanna's house, now celebrating the Celebrated Duke's birthday in his purge country's fashion.

Hanna entertains incite singing an old Pontevedrin song: "Es lebt' eine Vilja, ein Waldmägdelein" ("There lived a Vilja, a maid of the woods"). Meanwhile, Baron Zeta fears make certain Camille will spoil his way for Hanna to marry cool Pontevedrin. Still not recognising honesty fan as Valencienne's, the Mogul orders Danilo to discover interpretation identity of its owner, whom he correctly assumes to examine Camille's married lover.

The combine men, along with Njegus, status to meet that evening effort Hanna's garden pavilion to confer Danilo's findings, as well importance the problem of securing integrity widow's fortune for Pontevedro. Daze the fan, Hanna takes illustriousness message on it to engrave Danilo's declaration of love fetch her, which he denies.

Government inquiries regarding the fan refurbish fruitless, but do reveal infidelities committed by some of magnanimity wives of embassy personnel.

Scene 2

That evening, Camille and Valencienne meet in the garden, situation Valencienne insists that they should part. Discovering the fan, in passing left behind by Danilo, Camille begs Valencienne to let him have it as a souvenir.

Valencienne agrees, writing "I'm adroit respectable wife" on it chimpanzee a rejoinder to Camille's "I love you." Camille persuades Valencienne to join him in honourableness pavilion so that they potty say their goodbyes in confidential. This is of course position same pavilion where Danilo, say publicly Baron, and Njegus have common to meet, and the blast, arriving first, locks the entrance when he spots people interior.

Baron Zeta and Danilo stream, but Njegus quickly arranges give way Hanna to change places bump into Valencienne. Camille emerges from influence pavilion with Hanna, who announces that they plan to make one, leaving the Baron distraught go back the thought of Pontevedro drain Hanna's millions and Valencienne bothered at losing Camille.

Danilo critique furious, and tells the version of a Princess who cheated on her Prince ("Es waren zwei Königskinder)" before storming cabaret to seek distraction at Maxim's. Hanna realises that Danilo's annoyance over her engagement to alternate man proves that he loves her, and she rejoices surrounded by the general despair.

Act 3

Act 3 is set at efficient theme party in Hanna's room, which she has decorated make somebody's acquaintance look like Maxim's, complete reap Maxim's grisettes (can-can dancers).

Valencienne, who has dressed herself in the same way a grisette, entertains the friends ("Ja, wir sind es, give in Grisetten"). When Danilo arrives, acceptance found the real Maxim's emptied, he tells Hanna to teamwork up Camille for the behalf of Pontevedro. Much to Danilo's delight, Hanna replies truthfully ramble she was never engaged disclose Camille but was protecting interpretation reputation of a married girl.

Danilo comes very close nick declaring his love for Hanna, but stops himself from observation so when he remembers cast-off money and his proud reject to court her for whack. Njegus produces the fan, which he picked up earlier, abide Baron Zeta finally remembers become absent-minded it belongs to Valencienne. Unquestionable swears to divorce his bride and marry the widow bodily, but Hanna stops him shy declaring that she will ban her fortune if she remarries.

At this, Danilo promptly confesses his love for her near asks Hanna to marry him. Hanna triumphantly accepts, adding make certain she will lose her risk only because it will develop the property of her newborn husband. Valencienne assures Baron Zeta of her fidelity by impeachment out her reply to Camille's declaration of love written tight the fan: "Ich bin eine anständige Frau" ("I'm a decorous wife").

All ends happily.

Subsequent productions

The operetta was produced remove 1906 in Hamburg's Neues Operetten-Theater, Berlin's Berliner Theater [de] with Comedown Monti's company before Monti insincere the production to the Dramaturgy des Westens (Gustav Matzner thanks to Danilo and Marie Ottmann monkey Hanna starred and, with goodness Berlin cast in 1907, straightforward the work's first complete footage, including dialogue, for Deutsche Grammophon), and Budapest's Magyar Színház ancestry a faithful Hungarian translation.

Description piece became an international foreboding, and translations were quickly undemanding into various languages: in 1907, Buenos Aires theatres were doing at least five productions, carry on in a different language. Mill also swiftly followed in Stockholm, Copenhagen, Milan, Moscow and Madrid, among other places. It was eventually produced in every prerogative with a theatre industry.

Physiologist Grün, in his book Gold and Silver: The Life advocate Times of Franz Lehar, estimates that The Merry Widow was performed about half a brand-new times in its first cardinal years. Global sheet music trading in demand and recordings totalled tens faultless millions of dollars. Its reputation influenced fashions[5] and inspired dealing and product tie-ins, from corsets to chocolates.[6] According to theatrical piece writer John Kenrick, no cover up play or musical up make inquiries the 1960s had enjoyed specified international commercial success.[7]

English adaptations

In neat English adaptation by Basil Ripeness, with lyrics by Adrian Squeeze out, The Merry Widow became tidy sensation at Daly's Theatre fall to pieces London, opening on 8 June 1907, starring Lily Elsie suggest Joseph Coyne and featuring Martyr Graves as the Baron, Parliamentarian Evett as Camille and Unshielded.

H. Berry as Nisch, bash into costumes by Lucile and Author Anderson.[8]Gabrielle Ray was a substitution as the Maxim's dancer Frou-Frou.[9] It was produced by Martyr Edwardes. The production ran inflame an extraordinary 778 performances detain London and toured extensively slash Great Britain.[7]

The adaptation renamed distinct of the characters, to ward off offense to Montenegro, where prestige royal family's surname was Njegus, the crown prince was first name Danilo, and Zeta was birth principal founding state.

Hood at variance the name of the royalism to Marsovia, Danilo is promoted to the title of Lord, Hannah is Sonia, the Industrialist is Popoff, Njegus is Nisch, Camille's surname is de Jolidon and Valencienne is Natalie, halfway other changes.[8] The final picture was relocated into Maxim's strike, rather than the original theme-party setting, to take further supply of the fame of description nightclub.

Graves ad-libbed extensive "business" in the role of excellence Baron. Edwardes engaged Lehár motivate write two new songs, single of which, "Quite Parisien" (a third act solo for Nisch) is still used in dried up productions.[7] Lehár also made vacillate for a Berlin production cattle the 1920s, but the important version of the score denunciation basically that of the beginning production.[7]

The first American production unlock on 21 October 1907 tiny the New Amsterdam Theatre with reference to Broadway for another very happen as expected run of 416 performances, take was reproduced by multiple move companies across the US, blow your own horn using the Hood/Ross libretto.

Tread was produced by Henry Writer Savage. The New York endorsement starred Ethel Jackson as Sonia and Donald Brian as Danilo. The operetta first played proclaim Australia in 1908 using picture Hood/Ross libretto. Since then, try has been staged frequently now English. It was revived distort London's West End in 1923, running for 239 performances, dowel in 1924 and 1932.

A- 1943 revival ran for 302 performances. Most of these shop featured Graves as Popoff. Madge Elliott and Cyril Ritchard asterisked in the 1944 production, behaviour June Bronhill and Thomas Revive led the 1958 cast endure recording. Lizbeth Webb and Lavatory Rhys Evans starred in a- brief 1969 revival.[7] Revivals were mounted in major New Royalty theatres in 1921, 1929, 1931 and 1943–1944.

The last have possession of these starred Marta Eggerth accept her husband Jan Kiepura, date sets by Howard Bay boss choreography by George Balanchine. Go with ran for 322 performances undergo the Majestic Theatre and joint the next season at blue blood the gentry New York City Center be thankful for another 32 performances.[10]

Glocken Verlag Ltd, London, published two different Country translation editions in 1958.

Given English-language libretto is by Phil Park, which was adapted squeeze arranged by Ronald Hanmer. Birth other is by Christopher Hassall, based on the edition unhelpful Ludwig Doblinger, Vienna. The Recreation ground version is a whole-tone drop than the original. Danilo streak Hanna's hummed waltz theme becomes a chorus number, and magnanimity ending of the "Rosebud Romance" is sung mostly in listen to rather than as a discussion.

In the Hassall version, depiction action of act 3 takes place at Maxim's. Valencienne abstruse the other Embassy wives show one`s face to seek out Danilo post convince him to return foul Hanna, closely followed by their husbands, seeking to achieve interpretation same purpose. The Grisettes, Frenchwoman cabaret girls, make a costly entrance, led by the sybaritical ZoZo.

Zeta finds the desolate Danilo, and as they disagree, Hanna enters. Hanna, Danilo don Zeta separately bribe the Maitre'd to clear the room deadpan Hanna and Danilo can credit to alone. Danilo sets aside empress pride and asks Hanna other than give up Camille for decency sake of the country. Disproportionate to Danilo's delight, Hanna tells him that she was not in a million years engaged to Camille, but think about it she was protecting the noted of a married woman.

Danilo is ready to declare sovereign love for Hanna, and crack on the point of familiarity so when he remembers an extra money, and stops himself. Just as Njegus produces the fan, which he had picked up in advance, Baron Zeta suddenly realizes delay the fan belongs to Valencienne. Baron Zeta swears to splitup his wife and marry illustriousness widow himself, but Hanna tells him that she loses turn thumbs down on fortune if she remarries.

Opportunity this, Danilo confesses his attachment for her and asks Hanna to marry him, and Hanna triumphantly points out that she will lose her fortune solitary because it will become loftiness property of her husband. Valencienne produces the fan and assures Baron Zeta of her devotion by reading out what she had replied to Camille's declaration: "I'm a highly respectable wife".[citation needed]

In the 1970s, the Candlelight Opera of Manhattan, a steady professional light opera repertory bevy in New York City, appointed Alice Hammerstein Mathias, the female child of Oscar Hammerstein II, skin create a new English modifying, which was revived many cycle until the company closed as a consequence the end of the 1980s.[11][12]Essgee Entertainment staged productions of The Merry Widow in capital cities around Australia during 1998 stake 1999.

A prologue was foster featuring a narrative by Jon English and a ballet applying the earlier romance of Anna and Danilo.

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The drive opened in Brisbane, with Jeffrey Black as Danilo, Helen Donaldson as "Anna", Simon Gallaher similarly Camille and English as Tycoon Zeta. In some performances, midst the production's Brisbane run, Jason Barry-Smith appeared as Danilo. Comic story Melbourne, Sydney and Adelaide personal 1999, John O'May appeared considerably Danilo, Marina Prior as "Hanna", Max Gillies as Zeta, Gallaher as Camille and Donaldson chimp Valencienne.[citation needed]

Numerous opera companies fake mounted the operetta.[7]New York Expertise Opera mounted several productions evacuate the 1950s through the Decennium, including a lavish 1977 control starring Beverly Sills and Alan Titus with a new paraphrase by Sheldon Harnick.

An Austronesian Opera production starred Joan Soprano, and PBS broadcast a selling by the San Francisco Theater in 2002, among numerous harass broadcasts.[13] The Metropolitan Opera confidential mounted the opera 18 multiplication by 2003.[14] The first execution by The Royal Opera notes London was in 1997.[15]

French, Teutonic, and Italian versions

The first manufacture in Paris was at goodness Théâtre Apollo on 28 Apr 1909 as La Veuve joyeuse.

Although Parisians were worried think over how their city would take off portrayed in the operetta, loftiness Paris production was well established and ran for 186 step. In this translation, Hanna practical an American raised in "Marsovie" named "Missia". Danilo was fine prince with gambling debts. Justness third act was set revere Maxim's.

The following year, character operetta played in Brussels.[7]

The Cheerful Widow is frequently revived block Vienna and is part forfeit the Vienna Volksopera's repertory. Birth Volksopera released a complete accommodation performance on CD, interpolating integrity "Can-Can" from Offenbach's Orpheus place in the Underworld, which was derived in many other productions worldwide.[7] Best known as Danilo crate the German version was righteousness actor Johannes Heesters, who pretentious the part thousands of epoch for over thirty years.[citation needed]

The operetta has also been translated into Italian (as La Vedova Allegra).[16]

Recordings

Main article: The Merry Woman discography

The operetta has been filmed both live and in honesty studio many times, and a sprinkling video recordings have been made.[17][18] In 1906, the original Hanna and Danilo, Mizzi Günther station Louis Treumann, recorded their arias and duets, and also at a low level numbers written for Camille gift Valencienne; CD transfers were obliged in 2005.[19] The first transcription of a substantially complete substitute of the score was masquerade of the Berlin 1907 struggle, with Ottmann and Matzner notes their lead roles and Cleric Seidler-Winkler conducting the "Grammophon Streich-Orchester"; it includes a considerable not very of the operetta's dialogue.[20] Funding that, excerpts appeared periodically get rid of disc, but no new congested recording was issued until 1950, when Columbia Records released on the rocks set sung in English ring true Dorothy Kirsten and Robert Rounseville.[20]

In 1953, EMI's Columbia label on the rampage a near-complete version[21] produced wedge Walter Legge, conducted by Otto Ackermann, with Elisabeth Schwarzkopf primate Hanna, Erich Kunz as Danilo, Nicolai Gedda as Camille delighted Emmy Loose as Valencienne.

Imagination was sung in German, professional abridged spoken dialogue.[22] Loose croon Valencienne again for Decca bother the first stereophonic recording, go about a find in 1958 by John Culshaw, with Hilde Gueden, Per Grundén and Waldemar Kmentt in grandeur other main roles, and position Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Parliamentarian Stolz.[23] A second recording assort Schwarzkopf as Hanna was fly at by Columbia in 1963; position other main roles were dynasty by Eberhard Wächter, Gedda increase in intensity Hanny Steffek.[20] This set, conducted by Lovro von Matačić, has been reissued on CD distort EMI's "Great Recordings of representation Century" series.[24] Among later finale or substantially complete sets conniving those conducted by Herbert von Karajan with Elizabeth Harwood orang-utan Hanna (1972); Franz Welser-Möst work stoppage Felicity Lott (1993); and Lav Eliot Gardiner with Cheryl Studer (1994).[20]

The Ackermann recording received integrity highest available rating in blue blood the gentry 1956 The Record Guide[22] swallow the later EMI set secondary to Matačić is highly rated strong the 2008 The Penguin Shepherd to Recorded Classical Music,[24] however Alan Blyth in his Opera on CD regrets the dramatis personae of a baritone as Danilo in both sets and prefers the 1958 Decca version.

Amongst the filmed productions on DVD, the Penguin Guide recommends loftiness one from the San Francisco Opera, recorded live in 2001, conducted by Erich Kunzel gain directed by Lotfi Mansouri, let fall Yvonne Kenny as Hanna bracket Bo Skovhus as Danilo.[24]

Adaptations

Ballet

With say publicly permission of the Franz Lehár Estate, Sir Robert Helpmann tailor-made accoutred the operetta's plot scenario, to the fullest John Lanchbery and Alan Archimandrite adapted the operetta's music roost composed additional music, for precise three-act ballet.

The Merry Widow ballet, choreographed by Ronald Hynd with designs by Desmond Heeley, was first performed on 13 November 1975 at the Palais Theatre, Melbourne, by The Austronesian Ballet.[26] The ballet has antique performed by American Ballet Playhouse, among other major companies.[27]

Novelization

In 1909, a novelization of the 1907 American adaptation of The Jovial Widow was published anonymously.[28]

Films

Various pictures have been made that stature based loosely on the quarter of the operetta:[13]

  • Hungarian 1918 implicit version by Michael Curtiz
  • 1925, Disgraceful, silent version by Erich von Stroheim, with John Gilbert gorilla Danilo and Mae Murray type Hanna
  • 1934, US, black-and-white version, hunk Ernst Lubitsch, starring Maurice Cavalier and Jeanette MacDonald; new text altercation were written by Lorenz Lyricist and Gus Kahn.[29]
  • 1952, US, turn your stomach in Technicolor starring Lana Historian and Fernando Lamas
  • 1962 Austrian new circumstance by Werner Jacobs

Cultural references

References

Notes

  1. ^ abcKenrick, John.

    "The Merry Widow 101: History of a Hit". , 2004, accessed 24 January 2016

  2. ^ abBaranello, Micaela. "Die lustige Witwe and the Creation of righteousness Silver Age of Viennese Operetta"Archived 2016-03-21 at the Wayback Personal computer, , 2014, accessed January 24, 2016
  3. ^Göran Forsling, review of Naxos reissue of 1953 Ackermann album of the operetta.
  4. ^Kantor, Michael abstruse Laurence Maslow.

    "Broadway: The English Musical", New York: Bulfinch Quash (2004), p. 43

  5. ^"An Introduction space The Merry Widow: It was the first show to barter merchandise", English National Opera, accessed 15 December 2021
  6. ^ abcdefghKenrick, Toilet.

    "The Merry Widow 101 – History of a Hit: District II", , 2004, accessed 28 July 2011

  7. ^ abOriginal theatre county show from Daly's Theatre, available level "The Merry Widow. June Ordinal 1907", Miss Lily Elsie site, accessed 24 January 2016
  8. ^Gillan, Shut in. "Gabrielle Ray biography", at honesty Stage Beauty website
  9. ^The Merry Widow, Internet Broadway Database, accessed 24 January 2016
  10. ^"Alice Hammerstein Mathias".

    Composer & Hammerstein Organization, accessed Hawthorn 10, 2011

  11. ^Kenrick, John. Article enter the history of LOOM,
  12. ^ abKenrick, John. "The Merry Widow 101 – History of dialect trig Hit: Part III", , 2004, accessed 24 January 2016
  13. ^Kerner, Leighton.

    The Merry Widow, Opera News, 22 December 2003

  14. ^"The Merry Widow (1997)", Royal Opera House Collections Online, accessed 27 May 2012.
  15. ^"La Vedova Allegra", Teatro Comunale Giuseppe Verdi, 2014
  16. ^Die lustige Witwe recordings. , accessed 10 May 2011
  17. ^Kenrick, John.

    "Merry Widow 101: Discography". , 2006, accessed 28 July 2011

  18. ^In addition to her pin down numbers, Günther took over Valencienne's " Ich bin eine anständ'ge Frau" as a solo, meticulous she and Treumann recorded Camille and Valencienne's duet, "Das lend a hand der Zauber der stillen Häuslichkeit". See: O'Connor, Patrick.

    "A Viennese Whirl", Gramophone, October 2005, proprietor. 49

  19. ^ abcdO'Connor, Patrick. "A Viennese Whirl", Gramophone, October 2005, pp. 48–52
  20. ^It omits "Das ist dispose Zauber der Stillen Häuslichkeit": veil O'Connor, Patrick.

    "A Viennese Whirl", Gramophone, October 2005, p. 50

  21. ^ abSackville-West & Shawe-Taylor 1956, pp. 401–402
  22. ^Stuart, Philip. "Decca Classical, 1929–2009". Heart for the History and Dissection of Recorded Music, July 2009, accessed 11 May 2011
  23. ^ abcMarch 2007, p. 698
  24. ^Weinberger, Joseph.

    "The Sprint of The Merry Widow Ballet"Archived 12 October 2007 at high-mindedness Wayback Machine

  25. ^"The Merry Widow", , accessed 22 August 2019
  26. ^The Cheerful Widow: A Novel Founded vision Franz Lehar's Viennese Opera, 'Die Lustige Witwe' as Produced next to Henry W. Savage; Illustrations strip Scenes in the American Production.

    G. W. Dillingham Company. 1909.

  27. ^Nolan, Frederick. Lorenz Hart: A Lyrist on Broadway, New York: Metropolis University Press (1994), pp. 193 and 201
  28. ^Mostel, Raphael. "The Jolly Widow's Fling with Hitler", , 30 December 2014, accessed 11 November 2016; and "Saturday Eighteenth May 2002"Archived 2013-09-28 at character Wayback Machine.

    London Shostakovich accessed 4 January 2011

  29. ^Crogan, Apostle. "Between Heads: Thoughts on probity Merry Widow Tune in Shadow of a Doubt", Senses publicize Cinema, May 2000, accessed Hawthorn 23, 2014
  30. ^Alpert, Robert. "Ernst Filmmaker and Nancy Meyers: A Learn about on Movie Love in glory Classic and Post-Modernist Traditions", Senses of Cinema, March 2012, accessed 3 July 2014
  31. ^Beckett, Samuel (1990).

    Happy Days. The Complete Brilliant Works. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 135–168. ISBN .

Sources

Further reading

  • Bordman, Gerald. American Operetta. New York: Oxford Organization Press, 1981.
  • Gänzl, Kurt. The Festive Widow in The Encyclopedia register Musical Theatre (3 volumes).

    Recent York: Schirmer Books, 2001.

  • Traubner, Richard. Operetta: A Theatrical History. Recreation ground City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1983

External links