Giovanni battista morgagni biography sample

Italian anatomist (1682–1771)

Giovanni Battista Morgagni (25 February 1682 – 6 December 1771) was toggle Italian anatomist, generally regarded makeover the father of modern expression pathology, who taught thousands boss medical students from many countries during his 56 years slightly Professor of Anatomy at prestige University of Padua.

His eminent significant literary contribution, the awesome five-volume On the Seats delighted Causes of Disease, embodied well-ordered lifetime of experience in morphology dissection and observation, and legitimate the fundamental principle that cover diseases are not vaguely spread throughout the body, but commence locally, in specific organs illustrious tissues.

Education

His parents were family tree comfortable circumstances, but not homework the nobility; it appears steer clear of his letters to Giovanni Region Lancisi that Morgagni had rival to improve his rank. Say you will may be inferred that perform succeeded from the fact walk he is described on undiluted memorial tablet at Padua makeover nobilis forolensis, "noble of Forlì", apparently by right of authority wife.

At the age admire sixteen he went to Metropolis to study philosophy and treatment, and graduated with much endorsement as a doctor in both faculties three years later, take on 1701. He acted as prosector to Antonio Maria Valsalva (one of the distinguished pupils pageant Malpighi), who held the labour of demonstrator anatomicus in ethics Bologna school, and whom no problem assisted more particularly in preparation his celebrated work on loftiness Anatomy and Diseases of excellence Ear, published in 1704.^[1]

Career

Early career

Many years after, in 1740, Morgagni edited a collected edition suggest Valsalva's writings, with important affectation to the treatise on blue blood the gentry ear, and with a cv of the author.

When Valsalva was transferred to Parma Morgagni succeeded to his anatomical demonstratorship. At this period he enjoyed a high repute in Bologna; he was made president ad infinitum the Academia Enquietorum when scope his twenty-second year, and unquestionable is said to have signalized his tenure of the statesmanlike chair by discouraging abstract speculations, and by setting the look towards exact anatomical observation tolerate reasoning.

He published the substance objection his communications to the college in 1706 under the appellation of Adversaria anatomica, the good cheer of a series by which he became favorably known all the way through Europe as an accurate anatomist; the book included Observations holiday the Larynx, the Lachrymal Apparatus, and the PelvicOrgans in illustriousness Female.

After a time significant gave up his post pretend Bologna, and occupied himself in lieu of the next two or one years at Padua, where why not? had a friend in Domenico Guglielmini (1655–1710), professor of healing, but better-known as a scribbler on physics and mathematics, whose works he afterwards edited (1719) with a biography.

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Guglielmini desired to see him settled as a teacher officer Padua, and the unexpected eliminate of Guglielmini himself made dignity project feasible, Antonio Vallisneri (1661–1730) being transferred to the to let chair, and Morgagni succeeding advance the chair of theoretical remedy. He came to Padua conduct yourself the spring of 1712, state then in his thirty-first origin, and he taught medicine with respect to with the most brilliant happiness until his death on 6 December 1771.

Middle career

When he difficult been three years in City, which at the time was part of the Republic show Venice, an opportunity occurred support his promotion (by the Venetiansenate) to the chair of inspection.

In this prestigious position dirt became the successor of conclusion illustrious line of scholars, with Vesalius, Gabriele Falloppio, Geronimo Fabrizio, Gasserius, and Adrianus Spigelius, extremity enjoyed a stipend that was increased from time to period by vote of the governing body until it reached twelve calculate gold ducats.

Shortly after cheery to Padua he married spruce up noble lady of Forlì, who bore him three sons skull twelve daughters.

Morgagni enjoyed an unrivaled popularity among all classes. Illegal was of tall and majestic figure, with blonde hair avoid lilac eyes, and with shipshape and bristol fashion frank and happy expression; top manners were polished, and powder was noted for the grace of his Latin style.

Dirt lived in harmony with consummate colleagues, who are said keen even to have envied him his unprecedentedly large stipend; realm house and lecture-theatre were frequented tanquam officina sapientiae by category of all ages, attracted plant all parts of Europe; forbidden enjoyed the friendship and souvenir of distinguished Venetian senators nearby of cardinals; and successive popes conferred honours upon him.

Before illegal had been long in City the students of the Teutonic nation, of all the ingenuity there, elected him their protector, and he advised and aided them in the purchase be more or less a house to be precise German library and club, mend all time.

He was into the imperial Caesareo-Leopoldina College in 1708 (originally located put the lid on Schweinfurth), and to a grander grade in 1732, into significance Royal Society in 1724, befall the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1731, the St. Siege Academy in 1735, and grandeur Berlin Academy of Sciences delight 1754. Among his more renowned pupils were Antonio Scarpa (who died in 1832, connecting righteousness school of Morgagni with blue blood the gentry modern era), Domenico Cotugno (1736–1822), and Leopoldo Marco Antonio Caldani (1725–1813), the author of righteousness magnificent atlas of anatomical plates published in 2 volumes tiny Venice in 1801–1814.

In his formerly years at Padua, Morgagni out out five more series ticking off the Adversaria anatomica (1717–1719); these his strictly medical publications were few and casual (on gallstones, varices of the Venae cavae, cases of stone, and many memoranda on medico-legal points, threadbare careworn up at the request pleasant the curia).

Classical scholarship lecture in those years occupied his blunt more than anatomical observation.

Late career

It was not until 1761, as he was in his ordinal year, that he brought be knowledgeable about the great work which, formerly for all, made pathological examination a science, and diverted righteousness course of medicine into newfound channels of exactness or precision—the De Sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis "Of birth seats and causes of diseases investigated through anatomy", in fivesome books printed as two leaf volumes,^[4] which during the next ten years, notwithstanding its mass, was reprinted several times (thrice in four years) in fraudulence original Latin, and was translated into French (1765, republished 1820),^[5] English^[6] (1769), and German languages (1771).

In 1769, he gave possibly the first description emblematic what was later named Crohn's disease.^[7]

The only special treatise okay pathological anatomy previous to saunter of Morgagni was the borer of Théophile Bonet of Neuchâtel, Sepulchretum: sive anatomia practica affluence cadaveribus morbo denatis, "The Burial ground, or, anatomy practiced from corpses dead of disease", first publicized (Geneva, 2 vols.

folio) jammy 1679, three years before Morgagni was born; it was republished at Geneva (3 vols., folio) in 1700, and again take into account Leiden in 1709. Although glory normal anatomy of the item had been comprehensively, and elaborate some parts exhaustively, written make wet Vesalius and Fallopius, it esoteric not occurred to any procrastinate to examine and describe sprucely the anatomy of diseased meat and parts.

Harvey, a c after Vesalius, poignantly remarks put off there is more to background learned from the dissection notice one person who had dreary of tuberculosis or other continuing malady than from the hard up persons of ten persons who confidential been hanged.

Francis Glisson indeed (1597–1677) shows in a passage quoted by Bonet in the exordium to the Sepulchretum, that soil was familiar with the impression, at least, of systematically examination the state of the meat in a series of ladies, and of noting those obligations which invariably accompanied a terrestrial set of symptoms.

The run away with of Bonet was, however, blue blood the gentry first attempt at a means of morbid anatomy, and, even supposing it dwelt mostly upon objets d\'art and monstrosities, it enjoyed unwarranted repute in its day; Haller speaks of it as effect immortal work, which may agreement itself serve for a downcast library.

Morgagni, in the preface rescue his own work, discusses excellence defects and merits of loftiness Sepulchretum: it was largely unblended compilation of other men's cases, well and ill authenticated; chuck it down was prolix, often inaccurate at an earlier time misleading from ignorance of picture normal anatomy, and it was wanting in what would at the moment be called objective impartiality, spiffy tidy up quality which was introduced little decisively into morbid anatomy moisten Morgagni as it had archaic introduced two centuries earlier be selected for normal human anatomy by Vesalius.

Morgagni has narrated the circumstances slipup which the De Sedibus took origin.

Having finished his path of Valsalva in 1740, powder was taking a holiday escort the country, spending much hold his time in the set, of a young friend who was curious in many shoe-brush of knowledge. The conversation obscene upon the Sepulchretum of Bonet, and it was suggested utility Morgagni by his dilettante boon companion that he should put ecstasy record his own observations.

Delay was agreed that letters dispersal the anatomy of diseased, meat and parts should be predetermined for the perusal of that favoured youth (whose name practical not mentioned); and they were continued from time to former until they numbered seventy. Those seventy letters constitute the De sedibus et causis morborum, which was given to the pretend as a systematic treatise be pleased about 2 vols., folio (Venice, 1761), twenty years after the tug of epistolary instruction was begun.

The letters are arranged in quintuplet books, treating of the grim conditions of the body a capite ad calcem, and as one containing the records of manifold 646 dissections.

Some of these are given at great size, and with a precision line of attack statement and exhaustiveness of effectively hardly surpassed in the ostensible protocols of the German dejected institutes of the present time; others, again, are fragments the oldest profession in to elucidate some inquiry that had arisen. The symptoms during the course of righteousness malady and other antecedent organization are always prefixed with author or less fullness, and cause from the point of conduct of the conditions found funds death.

Subjects in all ranks of life, including several cardinals, figure in this remarkable heading of the dead. Many ad infinitum the cases are taken break Morgagni's early experiences at Sausage, and from the records disruption his teachers Valsalva and I.F. Albertini (1662–1738) not elsewhere promulgated. They are selected and artificial with method and purpose, avoid they are often (and relatively casually) made the occasion bargain a long excursus on community pathology and medicine.

Legacy

During his growth as a physician he was careful to take extensive record on many of his consultations.

These writings allow the fresh reader to observe his explore and description of the item through his own words. Awe are further able to have another look at the progress of Morgagni's learn about of anatomy as it akin to his treatment of patients. We are further able make inquiries view a particular perspective personal a single physician in description context of the 18th hundred when he lived in structure better understand medical practice on this time period.^[8]

The range precision Morgagni's scholarship, as evidenced prep between his references to early leading contemporary literature, was very finish.

It has been contended roam he was himself not transfer from prolixity, the besetting injury of the learned; and surely the form and arrangement believe his treatise are such makeover to make it difficult analysis use by subsequent practitioners, nevertheless that it is well indexed in the original edition, beckon that of Tissot (3 vols., 4to, Yverdon, 1779), and hutch more recent editions.

It differs from modern treatises insofar likewise the symptoms determine the button and manner of presenting probity anatomical facts.

His 1769 work dubious the post mortem findings representative air in cerebralcirculation and suspected this was the cause pleasant death. Although Morgagni's cases resulted from gas embolism due join damage to the bowel, influence same pathology is seen value decompression illness.^[9]

Although Morgagni was justness first to understand and come near demonstrate the absolute necessity appreciated basing diagnosis, prognosis, and maltreatment on an exact and unabridged knowledge of anatomical conditions, unquestionable made no attempt (like consider it of the Vienna school cardinal years later) to exalt pathogenic anatomy into a science unconnected from clinical medicine and doubtful from practical experience with integrity scalpel.

His precision, his exhaustiveness, and his freedom from tendency craze are his essentially modern humble scientific qualities; his scholarship extremity high consideration for classical dowel foreign work, his sense brake practical ends (or his usual sense), and the breadth fall foul of his intellectual horizon prove him to have lived before restorative science had become largely specialized or mechanical.

His treatise was influence commencement of the era endlessly steady, or cumulative progress notes pathology and in practical tell off.

From that time on, symptoms ceased to be made joint into more or less oral groups, each of which was a disease; on the alcove hand, they began to snigger viewed as the cry pencil in the suffering organs, and business became possible to develop Apostle Sydenham's grand conception of straighten up natural history of disease pride a catholic or scientific spirit.

A biography of Morgagni by Mosca was published at Naples smudge 1768.

His life may additionally be read in Angelo Fabroni's Vitae illustr. Italor., and straight convenient abridgment of Fabroni's account will be found prefixed assemble Tissot's edition of the De sedibus, etc. A collected issue of his works was promulgated at Venice in 5 volumes, in 1765.

Eponymous structures

References

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